The best opinions, comments and analysis from The Telegraph. Autotune Mic Program' title='Autotune Mic Program' />Sound reinforcement system Wikipedia. Large outdoor pop music concerts use complex and powerful sound reinforcement systems. AVOX4-large.jpg?c7bae283eb' alt='Autotune Mic Program' title='Autotune Mic Program' />A sound reinforcement system is the combination of microphones, signal processors, amplifiers, and loudspeakers in enclosures all controlled by a mixing console that makes live or pre recorded sounds louder and may also distribute those sounds to a larger or more distant audience. In many situations, a sound reinforcement system is also used to enhance or alter the sound of the sources on the stage, typically by using electronic effects, such as reverb, as opposed to simply amplifying the sources unaltered. A sound reinforcement system for a rock concert in a stadium may be very complex, including hundreds of microphones, complex live sound mixing and signal processing systems, tens of thousands of watts of amplifier power, and multiple loudspeaker arrays, all overseen by a team of audio engineers and technicians. On the other hand, a sound reinforcement system can be as simple as a small public address PA system, consisting of, for example, a single microphone connected to a 1. In both cases, these systems reinforce sound to make it louder or distribute it to a wider audience. Some audio engineers and others in the professional audio industry disagree over whether these audio systems should be called sound reinforcement SR systems or PA systems. Distinguishing between the two terms by technology and capability is common, while others distinguish by intended use e. SR systems are for live event support and PA systems are for reproduction of speech and recorded music in buildings and institutions. In some regions or markets, the distinction between the two terms is important, though the terms are considered interchangeable in many professional circles. Basic conceptedit. A basic sound reinforcement system that would be used in a small music venue. The main loudspeakers for the audience are to the left and right of the stage. A row of monitor speakers pointing towards the onstage performers helps them hear their singing and playing. The audio engineer sits at the back of the room, operating the mixing console, which shapes the sound and volume of all of the voices and instruments. A typical sound reinforcement system consists of input transducers e. The Tweak takes you under his wing and shows you how to program a synthesizer patch from the ground up, then gives you bits of practical wisdom. 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These primary parts involve varying amounts of individual components5 to achieve the desired goal of reinforcing and clarifying the sound to the audience, performers, or other individuals. Signal patheditSound reinforcement in a large format system typically involves a signal path that starts with the signal inputs, which may be instrument pickups on an electric guitar or electric bass or a microphone that a vocalist is singing into or a microphone placed in front of an instrument or guitar amplifier. These signal inputs are plugged into the input jacks of a thick multicore cable often called a snake. The snake then delivers the signals of all of the inputs to either one or more mixing consoles. In a coffeehouse or small nightclub, the snake may be only routed to a single mixing console, which an audio engineer will use to adjust the sound and volume of the onstage vocals and instruments that the audience hears through the main speakers and adjust the volume of the monitor speakers that are aimed at the performers. Mid to large size performing venues typically route the onstage signals to two mixing consoles the front of house FOH, and the stage monitor system, which is often a second mixer at the side of the stage. In these cases, at least two audio engineers are required one to do the main mix for the audience at FOH and another to do the monitor mix for the performers on stage. Once the signal arrives via the snake cable at a channel on the mixing console, this signal can be adjusted in many ways by the sound engineer. A signal can be equalized e. The signal may also be routed into an external effects processor, such as a reverb effect, which outputs a wet effected version of the signal, which is typically mixed in varying amounts with the dry effect free signal. Many electronic effects units are used in sound reinforcement systems, including digital delay and reverb. Some concerts use pitch correction effects e. Auto. Tune, which electronically correct any out of tune singing. Once the audio engineer has made all the adjustments to a signal e. A group of signals may be routed through an additional bus before being sent to the main bus to allow the engineer to control the levels of several related signals at once. For example, all of the different microphones for a drum set might be sent to their own bus so that the volume of the entire drum set sound can be controlled with a single fader or a pair of faders, rather than the audio engineer having to adjust all of the different drums and cymbals mic volumes. A bus can often be processed just like an individual input channel, allowing the engineer to process a whole group of signals at once. Once again using the drum kit example, the use of bus processing can enable the sound engineer to run all of the drum kit through an audio compressor effect to reduce unwanted signal peaks, rather than having to route all of the 1. The mix of all the different signals and channels e. Mixing consoles also have additional sends, also referred to as auxes or aux sends an abbreviation for auxiliary send, on each input channel so that a different mix can be created and sent elsewhere for another purpose. One usage for aux sends is to create a mix of the vocal and instrument signals for the monitor mix this is what the onstage singers and musicians hear from their monitor speakers or in ear monitors. Another use of an aux send is to select varying amounts of certain channels via the aux send knobs on each channel, and then route these signals to an effects processor. A common example of the second use of aux sends is to send all of the vocal signals from a rock band through a reverb effect. While reverb is usually added to vocals in the main mix, it is not usually added to electric bass and other rhythm section instruments. The next step in the signal path generally depends on the size of the system in place. In smaller systems, the main outputs are often sent to an additional equalizer, or directly to a power amplifier, with one or more loudspeakers typically two, one on each side of the stage in smaller venues, or a large number in big venues that are connected to that amplifier. In large format systems, the signal is typically first routed through an equalizer then to a crossover. A crossover splits the signal into multiple frequency bands with each band being sent to separate amplifiers and speaker enclosures for low, middle, and high frequency signals. Matrox Mil 7.5. Low frequency signals are sent to amplifiers and then to subwoofers, and middle and high frequency sounds are typically sent to amplifiers which power full range speaker cabinets. Using a crossover to separate the sound into low, middle and high frequencies can lead to a cleaner, clearer sound see bi amplification than routing all of the frequencies through a single full range speaker system. New Themes For Windows 7 Starter Edition here. Nevertheless, many small venues still use a single full range speaker system, as it is easier to set up and less expensive. System componentseditInput transducersedit. Audio engineers use a range of microphones for different live sound applications.